They employ cutting-edge technology to refine the pigment's particle size and shape, crucial factors that determine its performance in end products They employ cutting-edge technology to refine the pigment's particle size and shape, crucial factors that determine its performance in end productswhite titanium dioxide pigment manufacturers. Advanced techniques such as chlorination or sulfate processes are used, each with its own set of advantages and challenges. The chlorination process, for instance, yields high-purity TiO2 but involves more complex and costly procedures.In a 2021, Chinese researchers examined the impact of E171 on lipid digestion and vitamin D3 bioaccessibility in a simulated human gastrointestinal tract model. They examined Vitamin D’s bioaccessibility, or the amount it was released in the gastrointestinal tract, becoming available for absorption, and found it “significantly decreased from 80% to 74%” with the addition of E171. In the experiment, E171 decreased lipid digestion dose-dependently. Researchers wrote: “The findings of this study enhance our understanding toward the potential impact of E171 on the nutritional attributes of foods for human digestion health.” The study was published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,